Zhou was also a strong advocate of modernization, particularly at the Fourth National People's Congress in January Amid radical attacks on him during the Anti-Confucius Campaign, Zhou entered the hospital during and died on January 8, Zhou continued to affect Chinese politics even after his death. In April , the removal of memorial wreaths placed in Tiananmen Square in Zhou's honor sparked riots that led to the second ousting of Deng Xiaoping.
With the purge of the "Gang of Four" in October , his policy of "four modernizations" received the full endorsement of the new leadership. His selected works were published in December , and three years later a memorial room for him was established in Mao's mausoleum. Deng Xiaoping.
Born in , Deng Xiaoping d. He held prominent positions in the government in the s and s, but he was removed from office and imprisoned during the years of the Cultural Revolution, His family was persecuted. Deng Xiaoping reemerged as China's paramount leader shortly after the death of Mao Zedong in Deng Xiaoping's goal in was to set China back on the course of economic development that had been badly interrupted during the final years of Mao's leadership.
Deng's rallying cry became the "Four Modernizations," articulated by Zhou Enlai in , which entailed the development of industry, agriculture, defense, and science and technology. He set the course of reform by dismantling the communes set up under Mao and replaced them with the Household Responsibility System HRS , within which each household must be held accountable to the state for only what it agrees to produce, and is free to keep surplus output for private use.
In addition to this program, which was an incentive for households to produce more, Deng encouraged farmers to engage in private entrepreneurship and sideline businesses in order to supplement their incomes. Deng Xiaoping said that "practice is the sole criterion of truth," and believed that only by experimenting with alternative forms of production and entrepreneurial activity would China find the best path for economic development.
Thus began China's experiments with capitalist methods of production. As Deng said, "it does not matter if a cat is black or white so long as it catches the mouse;" it no longer matters if an economic policy is capitalist or socialist, in other words, as long as it results in economic growth.
Deng also wanted to set up an arrangement whereby leadership succession would take place according to legal guidelines rather than personality struggles. In general, he hoped to establish a social and political order governed by "rule by law, not by man. Deng's commitment to replacing the aging leaders suffered a setback, however. When faced with demands for political reforms by students and citizens throughout China in , Deng ordered the military to move in and clear Tiananmen Square, where they were demonstrating for greater freedom of speech and press, and greater accountability on the party of government.
He was responsible for the disastrous policies of the 'Great Leap Forward' and the 'Cultural Revolution'. Mao was born on 26 December into a peasant family in Shaoshan, in Hunan province, central China. After training as a teacher, he travelled to Beijing where he worked in the University Library. It was during this time that he began to read Marxist literature.
Mao and other communists retreated to south east China. In , after the KMT surrounded them, Mao led his followers on the 'Long March', a 6, mile journey to northwest China to establish a new base.
The Communists and KMT were again temporarily allied during eight years of war with Japan , but shortly after the end of World War Two, civil war broke out between them. Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan. Mao and other Communist leaders set out to reshape Chinese society. Industry came under state ownership and China's farmers began to be organised into collectives. The war was virtually won, Mao declared, the reactionaries Nationalist government had had been overthrown, and the organic law of the People's Government had been enacted by the Consultative Conference, which represented 'the patriotic democratic elements of the whole country'.
The celebrations that followed started with a military parade and then groups of civilians marched through the square singing Communist songs. There were hundreds of dancers with silken scarves and musicians playing gongs and cymbals, and as darkness fell thousands of lanterns were paraded on bamboo poles. Mao stayed on his rostrum until ten o'clock that night, as fireworks exploded above the heads of the spectators.
Months Past. China Political Mao Zedong.
0コメント