Anatomical Planes in a Human : There are three basic planes in zoological anatomy: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. A human in the anatomical position, can be described using a coordinate system with the Z-axis going from front to back, the X-axis going from left to right, and the Y-axis going from up to down. By imaging a patient in standard anatomical position, a radiologist can build an X-Y-Z axis around the patient to apply body planes to the images.
Individual organs can also be divided by planes to help identify smaller structures within that organ. Body planes are used to describe anatomical motion in the X-Y-Z coordinate system that the body moves through.
Anatomical change during embryological development is also described and measured with body planes. For example, during human embryonic development the coronal plane is horizontal, but becomes vertical as the embryo develops into a fetus. In comparative embryology, body planes provide a basis for comparing the ways in which different types of organisms develop anatomically within the womb.
By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity.
Blood vessels are not considered cavities but may be held within cavities. They usually contains protective membranes and sometimes bones that protect the organs. Anatomical terminology for body cavities : Humans have multiple body cavities, including the cranial cavity, the vertebral cavity, the thoracic cavity containing the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavity , the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
In mammals, the diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The dorsal cavity is a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body. It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. The meninges is a multi-layered membrane within the dorsal cavity that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord.
The cranial cavity is the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them. This is the most narrow of all body cavities, sometimes described as threadlike. The ventral cavity, the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems. The organs within the ventral cavity are also called viscera.
The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs. The thoracic cavity is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso.
It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland. The thoracic cavity is lined by two types of mesothelium, a type of membrane tissue that lines the ventral cavity: the pleura lining of the lungs, and the pericadium lining of the heart.
The abdominoplevic cavity is the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
It is generally divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The abdominal cavity is not contained within bone and houses many organs of the digestive and renal systems, as well as some organs of the endocrine system, such as the adrenal glands.
The pelvic cavity is contained within the pelvis and houses the bladder and reproductive system. The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a type of mesothelium called the peritoneum. Anatomists and medical personnel divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller regions to facilitate study and discussion. These divisions are often used to categorize the individual abdominal organs by their location and function and are used by clinicians to help diagnose the source of abdominal pain and determine appropriate treatment.
The most common divisions for the abdominopelvic region are the four quadrants and nine regions. Abdominal nine divisions a and quadrant regions b : The abdomen is subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas. The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants. These quadrants are defined by the intersection of the saggital plane with the umbilical plane the transverse plane through the navel. Clinicians use these regions to determine the organs and tissues that may be causing pain or discomfort in that region.
Body Cavities The outer layer of the serous membrane sac lining the abdominopelvic cavity. Body Cavities Parietal pleura. Body Cavities The outer layer of the serous membrane sac ling the thoracic cavity. Body Cavities Pelvic Cavity. Body Cavities The inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Body Cavities Pericardial Cavity. Body Cavities Cavity formed by the serous membrane sac surrounding the heart. Body Cavities Peritoneum. Body Cavities The outer layer of the uterous. Body Cavities Pleura. Body Cavities A protective double layer of serous membrane around the lungs.
The parietal membrane is the outer layer and the visceral layer is the inner membrane. It secretes a thin, watery fluid to reduce friction associated with lung movement. Body Cavities Pleural Cavity. Body Cavities Cavity formed by the serous membrane sac surrounding the lungs. Body Cavities Spinal Cavity. Body Cavities A dorsal body cavity within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord. Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity.
Body Cavities A ventral body cavity in the chest area that contains the lungs and heart. Body Cavities Visceral Layer. Body Cavities The inner pleural layer. It adheres to the surface of the lung. Body Cavities Visceral Peritoneum. Body Cavities The inner layer of the the serous membrane sac encasing the abdominopelvic viscera.
Body Cavities Visceral Pleura. Body Cavities The inner layer of the serous membrane sac encasing the thoracic viscera. Body Regions Abdominal region. Body Regions Abs. Body Regions Brachial region. Body Regions The arm regions of the body. Body Regions Cephalic region. Body Regions The entire head.
Body Regions Cervical region. Body Regions The neck. Body Regions Crural region. Body Regions Lower extremities or legs. Body Regions Dorsum. Body Regions The back. Body Regions Gluteal region. Body Regions Butt. Body Regions Lower extremities.
Body Regions Crural, legs. Body Regions Pelvic region. Body Regions Pelvis. Body Regions Pubic region. Body Regions Groin. Body Regions Thoracic region.
Body Regions The chest. Body Regions Trunk. Body Regions The torso. Body Regions Upper extremities. Body Regions Brachial region, arms. Body Regions Vertebral region. Body Regions Spine. Body Planes Coronal plane. Body Planes A vertical plane that divides the body into front anterior or ventral and back posterior or dorsal sections.
Also called the frontal plane. Body Planes Coronal section. Body Planes Sectional view of the body produced by a cut along the frontal plane; also called a frontal section. Body Planes Cross-section. Body Planes An internal view of the body produced by a slice perpendicular to the long axis of the structure. Body Planes Frontal plane. Also called the coronal plane. Body Planes Frontal section. Body Planes Sectional view of the body produced by a cut along the frontal plane; also called a coronal section.
The right hypochondriac region contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and parts of the small intestine. The left hypochondriac region contains part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the pancreas, and parts of the colon. The epigastric above stomach region contains the majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands.
This region pushes out when the diaphragm contracts during breathing. The right lumbar region consists of the gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon. The left lumbar region consists of the descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen. The umbilical region contains the umbilicus navel , and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the illeum.
It also contains the transverse colon the section between the ascending and descending colons and the bottom portions of both the left and right kidney.
The right iliac region contains the appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa. It is also commonly referred to as the right inguinal region. Pain in this area is generally associated with appendicitis. The left illiac region contains part of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left illiac fossa. It is also commonly called the left inguinal region. The hypogastric region below the stomach contains the organs around the pubic bone. These include bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in males.
Learning Objectives Distinguish among the abdominopelvic regions of the body. Key Points The abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas. IVC origin lie on this plane Vertical planes The two vertical planes are similar on each side and follow a line joining the mid clavicular point to the mid inguinal point. Surface anatomy The above lines intersect and divide the abdomen into nine regions clockwise from the top : epigastric region epigastrium left hypochondrium LHC left lumbar region left flank left iliac fossa LIF suprapubic hypogastric region right iliac fossa RIF right lumbar region right flank right hypochondrium RHC and in the center, the umbilical region Four abdominal quadrants Horizontal plane The dividing plane is a horizontal line drawn through the umbilicus.
Vertical plane The vertical line is down the midline of the body, overlying the linea alba from the xiphoid to the pubic symphysis. Quiz questions. Susan Standring. Gray's Anatomy. Related articles: Anatomy: Abdominopelvic. Promoted articles advertising. Figure 1: 9 regions creative commons illustration Figure 1: 9 regions creative commons illustration.
Figure 2: 4 quadrants creative commons illustration Figure 2: 4 quadrants creative commons illustration. Loading more images Close Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys.
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